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Below is my list of key acquisitions in Orthopedics by date.
 
You will see the pattern that most acquired companies were startups.
 
Click the links to read more about each acquisition.
 

 
If I missed one, let me know…  [email protected]
 

 
Nov2019

Wright Medical is acquired by Stryker for $5.4B (6 X sales)

Sep2019

ⓢ JointPoint is acquired by DePuy Synthes for undisclosed
ⓢ Mobium Imaging is acquired by Stryker for $500M

Aug2019

Stelkast in acquired by Globus Medical for $28M

Jul2019

ⓢ Link Spine is acquired by Ceiling Spine for undisclosed
ⓢ Atracsys Sarl (optical system for robotics) is acquired by Smith and Nephew for undisclosed

Jun2019

ⓢ Vilex is acquired by OrthoPediatrics for $60M (5 X sales)

May2019

ⓢ Titan Spine is acquired by Medtronic for undisclosed
ⓢ Vertiflex is acquired by Boston Scientific for $465M

Mar2019

ⓢ OMNI is acquired by Corin for undisclosed
ⓢ OrthoSpace is acquired by Stryker for $220M
ⓢ Osiris Therapeutics is acquired by Smith and Nephew for $660M

Feb2019

SEGWAY Orthopaedics is acquired by Trice Medical for undisclosed

Jan2019

Renovis Surgical Technologies is acquired by Kyocera for undisclosed

 
Dec2018

Centerix Orthopaedics acquired by Smith and Nephew for $105M

 
Nov 2018

DJO Global acquired by Colfax, a non-medical company for $3.15B (2.6 X sales)
Paradigm Spine is acquired by RTI Surgical for $300M (7.5 X sales)

 
Sep 2018
 

Mazor Robotics is acquired by Medtronic for $1.6B (13.5 X sales last year)
Invuity is acquired by Stryker for $190M (4.9 X sales)

 
Aug 2018

K2M is acquired by Stryker for $1.6B in a stock purchase at (5.2 X sales)

Cartiva acquired by Wright Medical for $435M cash (12.4 X sales)

EIT is acquired by DePuy Synthes for undisclosed in Germany

Amedica’s spine business is acquired by CTL Medical for less than $10M

ⓢ Surgimap is acquired by Globus Medical for undisclosed

ⓢ Maxim Surgical is acquired by Fuse Medical for $3M in a stock transaction

 
May 2018

ⓢ Expanding Orthopedics is acquired by CoreLink for undisclosed
Corin Orthopaedics is acquired by Permira, an EU private equity group for undisclosed
ⓢ Medical Enterprises is acquired by DePuy Synthes for its battery powered impactor for hip broaching for undisclosed
Bradshaw Medical is acquired by In’Tech Medical for undisclosed

 
Apr 2018
 

Paragon Medical is acquired by NN for $375M cash
JRI Orthopaedics (UK) is acquired by AK Medical (China) for $24M

 
Mar 2018
 

Skeletal Kinetics is acquired by Orthofic for $105M (7 X sales) 
ⓢ SafeOp is acquired by AlphaTec Spine for $27M cash plus stock

 
Feb 2018
 

ⓢ Orthotaxy, a French software-enabled surgery startup, is acquired by J&J DePuy for undisclosed

 
Jan 2018
 

ⓢ Zyga Technologies is acquired by RTI Surgical for $35M (8.8 X sales)

 
Dec 2017
 

ⓢ IMASCAP, a company with shoulder replacement pre-op planning software, is acquired by Wright Medical for $89M

 
Oct 2017
 

ⓢ VEXIM is acquired by Stryker for $218M (~7 X sales)
ⓢ Rotation Medical is acquired by Smith & Nephew for $210M
Exactech is acquired by TPG Capital for $625M 

 
Sept 2017
 

ⓢ Vertera Spine acquired by NuVasive for undisclosed

 
July 2017
 

ⓢ Sonoma Orthopedic Products acquired by Arthrex for undisclosed (no public announcements)
ⓢ Medshape’s ExoShape ACL portfolio is acquired by ConMed for undisclosed

 

Thortex and Millennium Surgical acquired by Avalign Technologies for undisclosed

 
June 2017
 

ⓢ Sentio nerve location technology for spine acquired by J&J DePuy Synthes for undisclosed.

 
Apr 2017
 

ⓢ Spinal Elements acquired by Amendia for undisclosed
ⓢ Technology from Tissue Regeneration Systems (3D printing tissue) is acquired by Depuy Synthes for undisclosed

 
Feb 2017
 

OsteoMed’s spine assets are acquired by Wenzel Spine for undisclosed
Exactech’s spine assets are acquired by ChoiceSpine for undisclosed

 
Jan 2017
 

ⓢ Interventional Spine’s assets are acquired by J&J DePuy Synthes for undisclosed

 
Sept 2016
 

ⓢ Ivy Sports Medicine is acquired by Stryker for undisclosed
ⓢ Clinical Graphics, an imaging company to diagnose hip impingement, is acquired by Zimmer Biomet for undisclosed
ⓢ Instratek’s portfolio of staple and hammertoe implants and MIS soft tissue recession instrumentation is acquired by Stryker for undisclosed

 
Aug 2016
 

ⓢ NLT Spine acquired by SeaSpine for $53M

 
July 2016
 

ⓢ French robotics company, Medtech with technology for MIS spine procedures, Medtech, is acquired by Zimmer Biomet for $77M
ⓢ DFine is acquired by Merit Medical for $98M
Wright Medical’s Tornier line of hips/knees is acquired by Corin for $38M

 
June 2016
 

LDR Spine is acquired by Zimmer Biomet for $1B
ⓢ Responsive Orthopedics acquired by Medtronic for undisclosed
ⓢ ISTO Technologies is acquired by a private equity firm for undisclosed

 
May 2016
 

ⓢ BME is acquired by DePuy Synthes for undisclosed 
Symmetry Surgical is acquired by RoundTable Health Partners for $129M (1.5 X sales) 

 
Apr 2016
 

Stanmore Implants acquired by Stryker for $52M cash
ⓢ Cayenne Medical acquired by Zimmer-Biomet for $150M (7.5 X sales)
ⓢ SafeWire acquired by Stryker for undisclosed

 
Jan 2016
 

ⓢ Ellipse Technologies acquired by NuVasive for $410M cash (~10 X sales)   Read – An inside look at a successful startup – Ellipse Technologies
ⓢ BST-CarGel acquired by Smith and Nephew for undisclosed

 
Dec 2015
 

ⓢ BioStructures is acquired by Bioventus for undisclosed

 
Nov 2015
 

ⓢ Blue Belt Technologies with its Navio robotics system is acquired by Smith and Nephew for $275M

 
Sept 2015
 

ⓢ Tornier’s Salto Total Ankle Replacement portfolio acquired by Integra LifeSciences for undisclosed

 
July 2015
 

ⓢ Custom Spine is acquired by Amendia for undisclosed

 

ⓢ X-Spine acquired by Bacterin for $107M and renames it Xtant Medical

 

ⓢ Russian trauma and orthopaedics business acquired by Smith and Nephew for undisclosed
ⓢ TEI Biosciences acquired by Integra LifeSciences for $312M (4X last years sales) 

 
June 2015
 

ⓢ SpineSelect assets are acquired by Amendia for undisclosed

 
April 2015
 

ⓢ Spinal Modulation acquired by St Jude for $215M total including original investment

 
February 2015
 

ⓢ Baxano Surgical’s VEO Lateral Access & Interbody System is acquired by ChoiceSpine after the Baxano declared bankruptcy for an undisclosed sum.
ⓢ Branch Medical Group, a Penn manufacturer, is acquired by Globus Medical for $53M
ⓢ German Orthopedic Manufacturer acquired by Paragon Medical for an undisclosed sum

 
January 2015
 

ⓢ BlueOrtho, a French joint navigation company, acquired by Exactech for $9.25M

 
November 2014
 

ⓢ Optimized Ortho acquired by Corin for undisclosed

 
October 2014
 

Wright Medical and Tornier merge in an all-stock trade deal
ⓢ Allograft maker Transplant Technologies acquired by Globus for undisclosed
ⓢ OrthoView acquired by Materialise for $12.3M
ⓢ OsteoAMP produce line acquired by Bioventus for undisclosed 
ⓢ ETEX acquired by Zimmer for undisclosed

 
August 2014
 

Symmetry Surgical acquired by Tecomet for $450M

 
June 2014
 

ⓢ Small Bone Innovations (SBI) acquired by Stryker for $375M in cash
Covidien acquired by Medtronic for $42.9B

 
Apr 2014
 

Biomet acquired by Zimmer for $13.35B

 
Feb 2014
 

ArthroCare acquired by Smith and Nephew for $1.7B
ⓢ Pivot Medical acquired by Stryker for undisclosed

 
Jan 2014
 

ⓢ Solana Surgical, a foot & ankle startup, acquired by Wright Medical for $90M
ⓢ OrthoPro, a foot & ankle startup, acquired by Wright Medical for $35M
ⓢ Excelsius Surgical, robotics spine patient positioning startup, acquired by Globus Medical for undisclosed
Covidien’s Duraseal product line a dural sealant is acquired by Integra LifeSciences for $235M

 
Oct 2013
 

ⓢ Pipeline Orthopedics acquired by MAKO Surgical for $2.5M
ⓢ Biotech Intl, French Foot & Ankle co, is acquired by Wright Medical for $80M
Lanx is acquired by Biomet for undisclosed
ⓢ Osiris’ culture expanded stem-cell business is acquired by Mesoblast for $100M

 
Sept 2013
 

MAKO Surgical is acquired by Stryker for $1.65B (13 X sales)

 
June 2013
 

Wright Medical’s Hip and Knee business is acquired by MicroPort for $290M
ⓢ Pioneer Surgical Technology is acquired by RTI Biologics for $130M cash
ⓢ NORMED Medizin-Technik, a German foot/ankle, hand and wrist company, acquired by Zimmer for undisclosed

 
May 2013
 

ⓢ Knee Creations, a subchondralplasty startup, is acquired by Zimmer for an undisclosed amount.
ⓢ Orthotic Holdings Inc, a Foot and Ankle plating company is acquired by Frazier Healthcare, a VC, for an undisclosed amount.

 
Mar 2013
 

ⓢ Baxano is acquired by TranS1 for $26.3M

 
Jan 2013
 

ⓢ Chinese Orthopedic company Trauson Holdings is acquired by Stryker for $764M
ⓢ Exos Corporation is acquired by DJO Global for an undisclosed amount

 
Nov 2012
 

ⓢ Biomimetic Therapeutics growth factor is acquired by Wright Medical for $190M cash and stock
ⓢ Corin is acquired by Italian Orthopedic consortium 2IL Orthopaedics for $50M in cash

 
Oct 2012
 

ⓢ Santa Clara Technology’s Titanium Expandable cage technology is acquired by Spine Wave for undisclosed

 
Sept 2012
 

ⓢ China Kangui (joints, trauma, spine) is acquired by Medtronic for $816M cash
ⓢ spine startup Phygen is acquired by Alphatec Spine for $15.2M stock and cash

 
Aug 2012
 

ⓢ OrthoHelix’s Foot/Ankle trauma business is acquired by Tornier for $135M (4.6 X annual sales)

 
June 2012
 

China’s Mindray Medical International, (MR) the world’s No. 3 maker of patient monitors, expanded into a new field last month by acquiring Wuhan Dragonbio Surgical Implant for $35.5M (4.6 X annual sales)
ⓢ Spinal USA and Precision Medical of Mississippi acquired by Precision Spine for $72M

 
May 2012
 

Kensey Nash acquired by DSM  for $360M

 
Apr 2012
 

DePuy’s Trauma business is acquired by Biomet for $280M

 
Feb 2012
 

Sandvic Medicial Solutions unit is acquired by Orchid Orthopedic Solutions for an undisclosed amount

 
Jan 2012
 

ⓢ Synvasive Technologies acquired by Zimmer for an undisclosed amount
ⓢ Cascade Medical Enterprises’ PRP & PRFM Technologies acquired by MTF for an undisclosed amount

 
Dec 2011
 

Symmetry Medical acquired J&J’s Codman Surgical Instruments business for $165M
ⓢ Synovis (soft tissue repair) acquired by Baxter for $325M

 
Nov 2011
 

ⓢ ExtraOrtho acquired by Zimmer for an undisclosed amount

 
Sept 2011
 

Impulse Monitoring acquired by NuVasive for $80M
ⓢ Ascension Orthopedics acquired by Integra LifeSciences  for $65M
ⓢ Suzhou Best acquired by Microport Orthopedics for $17M

 
July 2011
 

ⓢ Salient Surgical acquired by Medtronic for $525M
ⓢ PEAK Surgical acquired by  Medtronic for $120M
KCI acquired by private equity firm Apax Partners for $6.3B
Beijing Montagne Medical Device acquired by Zimmer for undisclosed
Arthrocare’s Parallax and Contour spine lines acquired by NeuroTherm for undisclosed
Robinson MedSurg acquired by Bacterin for $1M

 
June 2011
 

ⓢ Memometal Technologies acquired by Stryker for $162M
ⓢ Amplitude acquired by Apax France, a large joint manufacturer for $66M
ⓢ Voyant Health acquired by  Brainlab for $10M
TENET Medical Engineering acquired by Smith & Nephew for undisclosed
Orchid Orthopedic Solutions acquired by Altor for undisclosed

 
May 2011
 

ⓢ SeaSpine acquired by Integra Orthopaedics for $89M
ⓢ Orthovita acquired by Stryker for $316M
ⓢ Norian assets of Synthes acquired by Kensey Nash for $22M
ⓢ Impliant was acquired by  Premia Spine for undisclosed
ⓢ ProChon Biotech acquired by  Histogenics for stock

 
April 2011
 

Synthes acquired by Johnson & Johnson for $21.3B
Smith & Nephew Interventional Spine Pain Mgmt acquired by NeuroTherm for undisclosed

 
March 2011
 

ⓢ Applied Spine Technologies was acquired by Rachiotek for undisclosed
ⓢ NovaLign (certain IP) acquired by  FlexFix/VentureMD for undisclosed
Beijing Wei Rui Li Medical (majority stake) was acquired by China Kanghui for undisclosed

 
Feb 2011
 

Genzyme was acquired by Sanofi-aventis for $20.1B
ⓢ NovaLign (certain intramedullary designs) acquired by Sonoma Orthopedic for undisclosed

 
Jan 2011
 

Cardo Medical’s joint arthroplasty assets was acquired by Arthrex for undisclosed
ⓢ Nerites acquired by Kensey Nash for $20M
ⓢ Townsend Design acquired by Thuasne for undisclosed
ⓢ Facet Solutions was acquired by Globus Medical for undisclosed

 
Dec 2010
 

ⓢ Surgical Biologics acquired by MiMedx for undisclosed
Stryker’s OP-1 bone growth factor acquired by Olympus for $60M
Sodem Diffusion/SoPlus power tools acquired by Zimmer for undisclosed
ⓢ Small Bone Innovations’s shoulder assets acquired by FX Solutions for undisclosed

 
Nov 2010
 

Anspach was acquired by Synthes for undisclosed

 
Oct 2010
 

ⓢ Porex Surgical acquired by Stryker for undisclosed
ⓢ Acrobot was acquired by Stanmore Implants for undisclosed

 
Sep 2010
 

ⓢ US Spine acquired by Amedica for undisclosed

 
Aug 2010
 

Osteotech acquired by Medtronic for $123M
ⓢ VertiFlex (certain spine assets) acquired by Exactech for undisclosed

 
July 2010
 

Cytosol Labs was acquired by Biomet for undisclosed
OrthoIT3 acquired by Global-Med Technologies for undisclosed

 
May 2010
 

ⓢ Brighton Partners polyethylene technology was acquired by Exactech for $5.5M

 
April 2010
 

ⓢ Eska Implants was acquired by Summit Medical for undisclosed
ⓢ Synergetics’ Sonopet/Omni lines acquired by Stryker for $3M

 
March 2010
 

ⓢ ApaTech was acquired by Baxter for $330M
ⓢ Praxim Orthopaedic acquired by Synergy for undisclosed
ⓢ iBalance was acquired by Arthrex for undisclosed
ⓢ BoneGrafix (minority stake) was acquired by Global Biotech for undisclosed

 
Feb 2010
 

ⓢ Advanced Bio-Surfaces’ OrthoGlide ankle was acquired by Memometal Technologies for undisclosed

 
Dec 2009
 

ⓢ Scient’X acquired by Alphatec Spine for $116M

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Why feature your company or technology on OrthoStreams?
OrthoStreams is unique in the following ways:

Widely read by industry decision-makers: executives, investors, marketing, sales and engineers, from startups to the the big 5 Ortho giants
A daily must-read for the orthopedic industry
Your brand appears alongside other industry leaders
Sponsors receive clickthroughs from intelligent readers who know exactly what they’re clicking on

Four ways to feature on OrthoStreams

1. “Technology for License or Sale”  Listings
Our first offering is for inventors or companies to post their technology or products for sale or license”.  The minimum buy for this placement is $250 per month to put a picture, description and link in the top righthand corner of all on 2,000 pages. Or for $1,000 your technology or products can be highlighted in a targeted OrthoStreams newsletter. If you’d like your technology listed, send details to Technology @ OrthoStreams.com
2. Ad
An opportunity for advertisers is a traditional image Ad. OrthoStreams is generating over 25,000+ page views per month from over 17,000+ unique visitors (not including RSS readers).  About half the visitors are regulars and half come through search engines, Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.
Site Stats

Pageviews per month:  25,000+
Newsletter subscribers: 700+
Twitter followers: 2,200
Alexa traffic score 3,285,450

Pricing
Pricing is $10 per CPM for a 125 X 125 pixel sized ad. Minimum time period is 3 months.  Contact us directly at Ads @ OrthoStreams.com.

3. “Upcoming Ortho Events” Listings
Another offering for advertisers is the addition of your event link to our calendar, a summary of major national and international Ortho industry events. The minimum buy for this placement is $250 per month. If you’d like your event listed, send event details to Events @ OrthoStreams.com

4. “Who’s Hiring in Orthopedics?” Links
Another opportunity for advertisers is listings in our future area called “Who’s Hiring in Orthopedics?”.  If you’re company is seeking to attract the most informed and forward thinking employees or other talent, promote these efforts through a link to your company’s jobs page that will appear continuously in this area. The minimum buy for this placement is $250 per month.  Contact us directly at Hiring @ OrthoStreams.com

 
 
 
 

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100 Most Cited Articles in Orthopaedic Surgery (PubMed)

Rank
Article
Number of citations

1
Harris WH. Traumatic arthritis of the hip after dislocation and acetabular fractures: treatment by mold arthroplasty. An end-result study using a new method of result evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1969;51:737–755.
1748

2
Brooker AF, Bowerman JW, Robinson RA, Riley LH Jr. Ectopic ossification following total hip replacement: incidence and a method of classification. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973;55:1629–1632.
1126

3
Mankin HJ, Dorfman H, Lippiello L, Zarins A. Biomechanical and metabolic abnormalities in articular cartilage from osteo-arthritic human hips: II. Correlation of morphology with biomechanical and metabolic data. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1971;53:523–537.
1073

4
Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. Prevention of infection in treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58:453–458.
1069

5
Gruen TA, McNeice GM, Amstutz HC. “Modes of failure” of cemented stem-type femoral components: radiographic analysis of loosening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;141:17–27.
1033

6
Roland M, Morris R. A study of the natural history of back pain. Part I: Development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1983;8:141–144.
979

7
Insall JN, Dorr LD, Scott RD, Scott WN. Rationale of the Knee Society clinical rating system. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;248:13–14.
914

8
Neer CS 2nd. Anterior acromioplasty for chronic impingement syndrome in the shoulder: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972;54:41–50.
865

9
Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther. 1987;67:206–207.
863

10
Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res. 1991;9:641–650.
844

11
Constant CR, Murley AH. A clinical method of functional assessment of the shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;214:160–164.
838

12
DeLee JG, Charnley J. Radiological demarcation of cemented sockets in total hip replacement. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976;121:20–32.
834

13
Carter DR, Hayes WC. The compressive behavior of bone as a two-phase porous structure. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59:954–962.
796

14
Farndale RW, Sayers CA, Barrett AJ. A direct spectrophotometric micro-assay for sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cartilage cultures. Connect Tissue Res. 1982;9:247–248.
778

15
Lysholm J, Gillquist J. Evaluation of knee ligament surgery results with special emphasis on use of a scoring scale. Am J Sports Med. 1982;10:150–154.
685

16
Boden SD, Davis DO, Dina TS, Patronas NJ, Wiesel SW. Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects: a prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1990;72:403–408.
683

17
Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1984;66:397–402.
667

18
Salter RB, Harris WR. Injuries involving the epiphyseal plate. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963;45:587–622.
666

19
Outerbridge RE. The etiology of chondromalacia patellae. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1961;43:752–757.
659

20
Kitaoka HB, Alexander IJ, Adelaar RS, Nunley JA, Myerson MS, Sanders M. Clinical rating systems for the ankle-hindfoot, midfoot, hallux, and lesser toes. Foot Ankle Int. 1994;15:349–353.
658

21*
Goldring SR, Schiller AL, Roelke M, Rourke CM, O’Neil DA, Harris WH. The synovial-like membrane at the bone-cement interface in loose total hip replacements and its proposed role in bone lysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983;65:575–584.
651

Albrektsson T, Branemark PI, Hansson HA, Lindstrom J. Osseointegrated titanium implants: requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Orthop Scand. 1981;52:155–170.
651

23
Tegner Y, Lysholm J. Rating systems in the evaluation of knee ligament injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res.1985;198:43–49.
633

24
Fairbank TJ. Knee joint changes after meniscectomy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1948;30:664–670.
631

25
Jarcho M. Calcium phosphate ceramics as hard tissue prosthetics. Clin Orthop Relat Res.1981;157:259–278.
615

26
Schmalzried TP, Jasty M, Harris WH. Periprosthetic bone loss in total hip arthroplasty: polyethylene wear debris and the concept of the effective joint space. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:849–863.
603

27*
Wakitani S, Goto T, Pineda SJ, Young RG, Mansour JM, Caplan AI, Goldberg VM. Mesenchymal cell-based repair of large, full-thickness defects of articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76:579–592.
602

Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues. Part I: The influence of stability of fixation and soft-tissue preservation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;238:249–281.
602

29
Engh CA, Bobyn JD, Glassman AH. Porous-coated hip replacement: the factors governing bone ingrowth, stress shielding, and clinical results. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1987;69:45–55.
597

30
Waddell G. 1987 Volvo award in clinical sciences: A new clinical model for the treatment of low-back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1987;12:632–644.
567

31
Younger EM, Chapman MW. Morbidity at bone graft donor sites. J Orthop Trauma. 1989;3:192–195.
566

32
Stauffer RN. 10-year follow-up study of total hip replacement: with particular reference to roentgenographic loosening of the components. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64:983–990.
559

33
Phalen GS. The carpal-tunnel syndrome: seventeen years’ experience in diagnosis and treatment of six hundred fifty-four hands. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1966;48:211–228.
544

34
Livermore J, Ilstrup D, Morrey B. Effect of femoral head size on wear of the polyethylene acetabular component. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:518–528.
541

35
Noyes FR, Butler DL, Grood ES, Zernicke RF, Hefzy MS. Biomechanical analysis of human ligament grafts used in knee-ligament repairs and reconstructions. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66:344–352.
531

36
Denis F. The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1983;8:817–831.
524

37
Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues: Part II. The influence of the rate and frequency of distraction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;239:263–285.
510

38
Neer CS 2nd. Displaced proximal humeral fractures: I. Classification and evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52:1077–1089.
498

39
Enneking WF, Dunham W, Gebhardt MC, Malawar M, Pritchard DJ. A system for the functional evaluation of reconstructive procedures after surgical treatment of tumors of the musculoskeletal system. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;286:241–246.
496

40
Rosenberg L. Chemical basis for histological use of safranin O in study of articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1971;53:69–82.
493

41
Mankin HJ. The response of articular cartilage to mechanical injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1982;64:460–466.
485

42
Insall JN, Ranawat CS, Aglietti P, Shine J. Comparison of four models of total knee-replacement prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58:754–765.
476

43
Sutherland CJ, Wilde AH, Borden LS, Marks KE. A ten-year follow-up of one hundred consecutive Muller curved-stem total hip-replacement arthroplasties. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64:970–982.
475

44
D’Aubigne RM, Postel M. Functional results of hip arthroplasty of hip arthroplasty with acrylic prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1954;36:451–475.
474

45*
Salter RB, Simmonds DF, Malcolm BW, Rumble EJ, Macmichael D, Clements ND. The biological effect of continuous passive motion on the healing of full-thickness defects in articular cartilage: an experimental investigation in the rabbit. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62:1232–1251.
464

Dahlin DC, Coventry MB. Osteogenic sarcoma: a study of six hundred cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1967;49:101–110.
464

Yasko AW, Lane JM, Fellinger EJ, Rosen V, Wozney JM, Wang EA. The healing of segmental bone defects, induced by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (RHBMP-2): a radiographic, histological, and biomechanical study in rats. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:659–670.
464

48
Rowe CR, Patel D, Southmayd WW. The Bankart procedure: a long-term end-result study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978;60:1–16.
462

49
Sah RL, Kim YJ, Doong JY, Grodzinsky AJ, Plaas AH, Sandy JD. Biosynthetic response of cartilage explants to dynamic compression. J Orthop Res. 1989;7:619–636.
460

50
Singh M, Nagrath AR, Maini PS. Changes in trabecular pattern of upper end of the femur as an index of osteoporosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52:457–467.
458

51
Bartel DL, Bicknell VL, Wright TM. The effect of conformity, thickness, and material on stresses in ultra-high molecular weight components for total joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1986;68:1041–1051.
457

52
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